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In these half-ruined mountains and plains, where here and there the oak trees still stretch their “hands in supplication” toward the sky; among a people bewildered by what is befalling them; amid the clamor of engineers, experts, and…

Behind the worn-out, faded, and crumbling walls, a young girl gazes into a future that does not exist. The men have occupied every space and blend into one another. Life is lost somewhere amid these ambiguous men, hidden behind their…

What makes The Lives of Others both powerful and deeply moving—above all else—is its form: a minimalist form that, within a minimalist content, conveys the terrifying brutality of totalitarianism in East Germany with exceptional subtlety.…

This film, which was originally intended to be directed by Fritz Lang, was eventually made by Robert Wiene due to various factors—chief among them, the specific historical moment and sociopolitical atmosphere in which it was produced and…

When Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans were first exhibited in 1962, they provoked ridicule and scandal rather than even distant admiration. The display seemed to speak more of a “non-art” than of any legitimate artistic expression. Yet…

Luchino Visconti was born into an aristocratic and highly cultured family in Italy and rose to become one of the country’s greatest filmmakers. In addition to his work in cinema, Visconti was also an accomplished musician, theatre director,…

If we consider Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, and many other writers within the magical realism tradition as echoes of early 20th-century visual arts in Latin America, then Fernando Botero must be seen not merely as…

Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999) is, for many, most immediately recognized by his unparalleled film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Yet Kubrick should be regarded as a true genius in the realms of cinema and cinematic writing. A skilled…

– In a society like Iran, what is the definition of the middle class, and how does this definition differ from that of other parts of the world? The term “middle class” is used more frequently in general contexts, such as media…

​In the current difficult and complex situation, the result of a hundred years of accumulated errors (despite significant successes) in the pursuit of modernity, the talk everywhere is of "infiltration" and the "infiltrator." This refers to…